ArticlesComments Off on Hand Painted Shoes by Sarah Woods
Aug062015
Hand Painted Shoes
by
Artist
Sarah Woods
Made for
Julie Ann RosserFor the Unveiling of the
Memorial Chair
And the 50th anniversary of
The Royal Green Jackets
2016
Hand Painted Shoes
by
Artist
Sarah Woods
” It was an absolute pleasure to do this special pair of customised heels for the lovely Julie-Ann Rosser for the service she attended on 18th July 2015.
They stand as a tribute and memory to all of our loved ones who bravely fought in the past and should never be forgotten.
It was a priviledge to use my art work for something so important and they shall always be special to me.
Many thank to Memorial at Peninsula for sharing my hard work.
ArticlesComments Off on The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) WWII
Aug022015
The British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
WWII
The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) WWII was the British Army in Europe from 1939 to 1940 during the Second World War. Commanded by General Lord Gort, the BEF constituted one-tenth of the defending Allied force.
The British Expeditionary Force was established in 1938 in readiness for a perceived threat of war after Germany annexed Austria in the March of 1938 and the claims on the Sudetenland, which led to the invasion of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. After the French and British government had promised to defend Poland, the German invasion of that country began and war was declared on the 3rd of September 1939.
The BEF was sent to France in the September of 1939 and deployed mainly along the Belgian–French border during the so-called Phoney War leading up to May 1940. The BEF did not commence hostilities until the invasion of France on the 10th of May 1940. After the commencement of battle, they were driven back through Belgium and north-western France, forcing their eventual evacuation from several ports along the French northern coastline in Operations Dynamo, Ariel and Cycle. The most notable evacuation was from the Dunkirk region and from this the phrase Dunkirk Spirit was coined.
Background
There were reports and the beginnings of a move to mobilise an armed force in 1936, when plans to expand the Territorial Army were put in place after a report was given to the House of Commons on the 12th of March in 1936. It was realised that the invention of the aeroplane had moved the defence of Britain from her own shores to those of the continent as Mr Duff Cooper (the Secretary of State for War) said in his report:
“It was said in the leading article of the “Times” this morning: For more centuries than need be counted the destiny of Northern France and of the Low Countries has been held vital to the security of Britain. That situation has not been changed by modern inventions. It was Napoleon who said that Antwerp in the possession of a hostile nation was like a pistol held at the head of Great Britain.
The result of new inventions is that that menace is greater than it was before, because to-day it is a double-barrelled pistol. It is not only a base for shipping and submarines, but is also a taking-off ground for aeroplanes. The invention of flying, so far from rendering us more immune, has robbed us of a great part of our immunity. The sea, as Shakespeare said— The silver sea, which serves it in the office of a wall. serves no longer in that office. More than ever we are part of the Continent of Europe; less than ever can we rely upon any special advantage from our insular position.
In that same report, conscription was also discussed as it was realised that there would not be enough time to expand the army to satisfactory levels “To-day, when there are still numbers of young active men unemployed and living on the dole, what better advice could be given to them than that they should join the Army? There they would find the opportunity of a healthy, open-air life.” Conscription was not considered until war broke out, as volunteers were preferred, although by the March in 1937 there was still a shortfall of 60,000 men in the regular army (that is, the full-time army consisting of professional soldiers). Recruiting had risen by 33% from 1936–1937, and in February 1938 it was 44% higher than the previous year. The demand was still not met with only 34,000 accepted for enlistment with 30% taken from the unemployment line. The Regular Army was backed up by the Territorial Army and both were expanded and equipped for more appropriate measures than had been previously anticipated.
In March 1937, the army stood at 121,000 at home and 89,000 overseas with 716 tanks of which 200 were obsolete First World War models. In a speech by Mr Hore-Belisha (Cooper’s successor) on the 10th of March in 1938, the numbers were given as 500,000 (excluding the colonies) and recruiting was at 60,000 a year. Nevertheless, there were shortages of 1,200 officers and 22,000 other ranks.
Talks about the formation of the BEF between British and French ministers were concluded after British ministers visited France in November 1938. The French delegation announced that they believed a larger force than had been sent in 1914 was necessary, with the French cabinet saying that the British contingent would have been inadequate if war had broken out in September 1938. After questions in the House of Commons on the 28th of November in 1938, the then Prime minister, Neville Chamberlain, said there was no commitment to send an expeditionary force to France.
Sir P. Harris asked the Prime Minister whether this country is, in certain circumstances, committed to send an expeditionary force to France; and whether, as a result of his visit to Paris, there has been any increase in such commitments?
The Prime Minister answered “The answer to both parts of the question is in the negative”
—Hansard Vol 342, 28th of November 1938.
According to the 1939 Army Estimates, Britain had home forces of 230,000 in the Regular Army with 183,000 in reserve and The Territorials numbering 270,000: a total of 683,000
Deployment
Following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, the British Expeditionary Force was sent to the Franco-Belgian border in mid-September.
The first deployment was completed by the 11th of October in 1939 at which point 158,000 men had been transported to France. The Secretary of State for War, Leslie Hore-Belisha, said “158,000 had been transported across the Channel within five weeks of the commencement of the present war. Convoys had averaged three each night and the BEF had been transported intact without a single casualty to any of its personnel.” He also claimed in Parliament that the BEF was “as well, if not better, equipped than any similar army”, which was false. During that summer, an amazed German military attaché in Britain watched troops on maneuvers march with gas pipes and pieces of wood to represent anti-tank rifles, and carry blue flags to represent trucks they rode in.
One lieutenant stuffed his holster with paper because he had no pistol, and one soldier who joined the Royal Artillery in April did not receive his uniform until July. There were immense pressures to produce the necessary equipment, which led to a rapid increase in output. Clothing items were one example of this with items such as greatcoats and boots being produced at up to 50 times the normal peacetime rates.
Twenty-five years of greatcoats were produced in six months and 18 months of army boots were turned out in one week, but shortages remained; even after the Germans began moving west in the May of 1940, only three officers of the 5th Battalion, Green Howards of the had pistols, and the unit similarly lacked compasses and binoculars.
By the 19th of October the BEF had received 25,000 vehicles to complete the first deployment. The majority of the troops were stationed along the Franco-Belgian border; a reinforced division called Saar Force served with the French Third Army on the Maginot Line.
Belgium and The Netherlands were neutral countries at this point and so no troops were sent to either of them. For those troops along the Maginot line the inactivity and an undue reliance on the fortifications, which it was believed would provide an unbreakable defence, led to “Tommy Rot” – as portrayed by the song “Imagine me on the Maginot Line”. Morale was high amongst the British troops but the small-scale actions of the Germans by the 9th of May had led many into assuming that there would not be much chance of a full scale German attack in that area.
Over the next few months, troops, materials and vehicles continued to arrive in France and Belgium and by the 13th of March 1940 the BEF had doubled in size to 316,000 men. By the May 1940 the BEF order of battle consisted of 10 infantry divisions in three corps (I, II, and III), 1st Army Tank Brigade, the BEF Air Component RAF detachment of about 500 aircraft and the Advanced Air Striking Force (AASF) long-range RAF force. These forces were led by the General Headquarters (GHQ) which consisted of men from Headquarters Troops (1st Battalion, Welsh Guards, 9th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment and the 14th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers), the 1st Army Tank Brigade, 1st Light Armoured Reconnaissance Brigade and HQ Royal Artillery 5th Infantry Division.
This period leading up to the 10th of May 1940 was known as the Phoney War, as there was little combat apart from minor clashes of reconnaissance patrols. The first BEF fatality was 27 year-old Corporal Thomas William Priday, from the 1st Battalion, King’s Shropshire Light Infantry, attached to 3rd Brigade of 1st Division, killed on the 9th of December 1939 when his patrol set off a booby-trap and was fired upon by friendly troops.
The Allied generals believed that time was on their side, and hoped to weaken Germany by blockade before going on the offensive. The plan by General Gamelin, the Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces, to counter a German attack through Belgium, was to move his most mobile armies (including the BEF) forward across the border to the line of the River Dyle. This operation was known as the Dyle Plan, and it depended on the Belgians being able to stall any German invasion for several days with their border fortifications on the Albert Canal and River Meuse.
Action
Hitler’s forces began the Blitzkrieg on the 10th of May 1940. The German Army Group B, led by Fedor von Bock, crossed into Belgium; the lynchpin of the Belgian defence at Fort Eben-Emael having been captured by airborne assault early that morning. By 12th of May, 35 Allied divisions, including 10 of the BEF had reached the River Dyle as planned, however forward elements of Army Group B arrived on the 15th of May.
Although the initial German attacks were held, it was clear that the main threat was further south, where Army Group A, led by Gerd von Rundstedt, had unexpectedly emerged from the Ardennes Forest and crossed the River Meuse at Sedan, routing the French Second and Ninth Armies in the process. With Army Group B close behind, the Allies began a withdrawal towards the River Escaut on the French border.
Evacuation from Dunkirk
The BEF sustained heavy losses during the German advance and most of the remainder, approximately 198,229 men along with 139,997 French and some Belgian troops, were evacuated from Dunkirk between the 26th of May and the 4th of June in 1940; abandoning much of their equipment after disabling their vehicles and main weapons.
The Royal Navy ships needed assistance after the docks, harbours and piers were bombed by the Germans. Because of shallow water along the coast, British destroyers were unable to approach the evacuation beaches and soldiers were having to wade out to the warships, with many of them waiting for hours shoulder-deep in water.
On the 27th of May the small-craft section of the British Ministry of Shipping telephoned boat builders around the coast, asking them to collect all boats with “shallow draft” that could navigate shallow water. Some of them were taken with the owners’ permission — and with the owners insisting they would sail them — while others were requisitioned by the government with no time for the owners to be contacted. These flotillas of small boats, combined with the naval vessels, would continue until the evacuation was called off on the 3rd of June 1940.
The push by Army Group A towards the coast combined with the approach of Army Group B from the Northeast left the BEF surrounded on three sides and cut off from their supply depots by 21st May (pic. 2 below). The British forces attempted to stop the offensive and launched counter-attacks including at Arras on 21st May.
The BEF was unable to repel the Germans and it became clear that the Channel ports were threatened. Fresh troops were rushed from England to defend Boulogne and Calais, but after hard fighting, both ports were in German hands by 26th May (see Battle of Boulogne (1940) and Siege of Calais (1940)). Gort ordered that the BEF should withdraw to Dunkirk, the only viable port remaining, to facilitate evacuation.
The German forces were unable to press home an initial capture of the Allied Forces at Dunkirk and on 31st of May General Georg von Küchler assumed command of all the German forces at Dunkirk. His plan was an all-out attack across the whole front at 11:00 on the 1st of June. The French held the Germans back while the last troops were evacuated. Just before midnight on the 2nd of June, Admiral Bertram Ramsay, the officer commanding the evacuation, received the signal “BEF evacuated” and the French began to fall back slowly. By the 3rd of June, the Germans were two miles from Dunkirk, which meant that that night was the last for evacuation. At 10:20 on the 4th of June, the Germans hoisted the swastika over the docks.
Several high–ranking German commanders, including Generals Erich von Manstein and Heinz Guderian as well as Admiral Karl Dönitz, considered the failure of the German High Command to order a timely assault on Dunkirk, and to so eliminate the British Expeditionary Force, as one of the major mistakes the Germans had made on the Western Front.
The Second BEF and Operation Ariel
Once the Dunkirk evacuation had started, the attentions of Churchill and the Chiefs-of-Staff were drawn to the troops who had been cut off to the south of the German Army Group A’s drive to the sea. They were; the Saar Force, chiefly composed of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division, most of the 1st Armoured Division, and an improvised force called Beauman Division. The 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division had been rushed to Cherbourg after the start of the blitzkrieg and the 1st Canadian Infantry Division were on their way. It was hoped that these forces might be sufficient to help stabilise the French defence and, if all else failed, there was talk of creating a “redoubt” or fortified foothold in the Brittany peninsula.
General Alan Brooke had distinguished himself by his handling of II Corps, and was withdrawn to London on the 29th of May to command the new corps in the south which became known as the 2nd BEF. In addition to the forces already in France or en route, Brooke requested that Montgomery’s 3rd Infantry Division, who had just returned from Dunkirk, be made ready to join his new command.
The 51st (Highland) Division had been fighting with the French Tenth Army to defend the River Bresle, east of Rouen. The decision to withdraw them to Le Havre on the 10th of June was left too late and then only two of their brigades, known as Arkforce, were able to reach the port for an evacuation called Operation Cycle. The remainder of the division reached the coast at Saint-Valery-en-Caux, but bad weather and German intervention prevented their extraction; they were forced to surrender on the 12th of June.
Brooke arrived in France on the 13th of June and he quickly realised that there was little hope of success for the rest of his command, which included more than 100,000 logistic troops who had not been trained for combat. On the 14th of June, Brooke persuaded Churchill that all British troops should be evacuated from France without delay. From the 15th to 25th of June 191,870 allied troops (144,171 of them British) and a large amount of their equipment were rescued from eight major sea ports on the south west coast of France in Operation Ariel. The only serious setback was the bombing of the troopship Lancastria off St Nazaire, resulting in the deaths of about 4,000 of those onboard; the exact number has never been established.
Aftermath
Winston Churchill referred to the outcome as a “miracle” and the British press presented the evacuation as a “disaster turned to triumph”. The rescue of the British troops at Dunkirk provided a psychological boost to British morale and begat the phrase “Dunkirk spirit”, when used to describe the tendency of the British public to pull together in times of adversity.
In the various evacuations, an estimated 384,000 British servicemen came home, but the BEF had suffered 12,431 killed (roughly a third of those were on the Lancastria), 14,070 wounded had been evacuated and 41,030 were taken prisoner. While the British Army had lost a great deal of its equipment and vehicles in France, it still had most of its soldiers and was able to assign them to the defence of Britain. Once the threat of invasion had receded, they were transferred overseas to the Middle East and other theatres, and also provided the nucleus of the army that returned to France in 1944.
For every seven soldiers who escaped through Dunkirk, one man was left behind as a prisoner of war (POW). The majority of these prisoners were sent on forced marches into Germany to towns such as Trier, the march taking as long as 20 days. Others were moved on foot to the river Scheldt and were sent by barge to the Ruhr. The prisoners were then sent by rail to POW camps in Germany. The majority (those below the rank of corporal) then worked in German industry and agriculture for five years.
No specific campaign medal was awarded for the Battle of France; however, any serviceman who spent 180 days in France between the 3rd of September 1939 and the 9th of May in 1940, or “a single day, or part thereof” in France or Belgium between the 10th of May and 19th of June 1940, qualified for the 1939-1945 Star.
An intelligence report by the German IV Army Corps written in the summer of 1940 in preparation for Operation Sealion said of the men of the BEF:
“The English soldier was in excellent physical condition. He bore his own wounds with stoical calm. The losses of his own troops he discussed with complete equanimity. He did not complain of hardships. In battle he was tough and dogged. His conviction that England would conquer in the end was unshakeable… The English soldier has always shown himself to be a fighter of high value. Certainly the Territorial divisions are inferior to the Regular troops in training, but where morale is concerned they are their equal… In defence the Englishman took any punishment that came his way.”
ArticlesComments Off on British Expeditionary Force (BEF) WWI
Aug012015
The British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
WWI
The British Expeditionary Force order of battle in 1914, as originally despatched to France in August and September of 1914, at the beginning of the First World War. The British Army prior to World War I traced its origins to the increasing demands of imperial expansion together with inefficiencies highlighted during the Crimean War, which led to the Cardwell and Childers Reforms of the late 19th century. These gave the British Army its modern shape, and defined its regimental system. The Haldane Reforms of 1907, formally created an Expeditionary force and the Territorial Force.
The British Army was different from the French and German Armies at the beginning of the conflict in that it was made up from volunteers, not conscripts. It was also considerably smaller than its French and German counterparts.
The outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 saw the bulk of the changes in the Haldane reforms put to the test. The British Expeditionary Force (BEF) of six divisions was quickly sent to the Continent.
This order of battle includes all combat units, including engineer and artillery units, but not medical, supply and signal units. Commanders are listed for all formations of brigade size or higher, and for significant staff positions.
Plans for the Expeditionary Force
Under pre-war plans, an expeditionary force was to be organised from among the Regular Army forces in the United Kingdom, with a strength of six infantry divisions and one cavalry division (72 infantry battalions and 14 cavalry regiments), plus support units.
It was planned that the seven divisions would be centrally controlled by General Headquarters and as such no plans were made for intermediate levels of command. One corps staff was maintained in peacetime, but the decision was made on mobilisation to create a second (and later a third) in order to better conform with the French command structure; both of these had to be improvised.
At the time of mobilisation, there were significant fears of a German landing in force on the English east coast, and as such the decision was taken to hold back two divisions for home defence, and only send four, plus the cavalry division, to France for the present. The 4th was eventually dispatched at the end of August, and the 6th in early September.
GHQ
The initial Commander-in-Chief of the BEF was Field-Marshal Sir John French. His Chief of Staff was Lieutenant-General Sir A. J. Murray, with Major-General H. H. Wilson as his deputy. GSO 1 (Operations) was Colonel G. M. Harper, and GSO 1 (Intelligence) was Colonel G. M. W. Macdonogh.
The Adjutant-General was Major-General Sir C. F. N. Macready, with Major-General E. R. C. Graham as Deputy Adjutant-General and Colonel A. E. J. Cavendish as Assistant Adjutant-General. The Quartermaster-General was Major-General Sir W. R. Robertson, with Colonel C. T. Dawkins as Assistant Quartermaster-General. The Royal Artillery was commanded by Major-General W. F. L. Lindsay, and the Royal Engineers by Brigadier-General G. H. Fowke.
Cavalry
There was no permanently established cavalry division in the British Army; on mobilisation, the 1st through to 4th Cavalry Brigades were grouped together to form a division, whilst the 5th Cavalry Brigade remained as an independent unit.
On the 6th of September, the 3rd Cavalry Brigade was detached to act jointly with the 5th, under the overall command of Brigadier-General Gough. This force was re-designated the 2nd Cavalry Division on the 16th of September.
Cavalry Division
The Cavalry Division was commanded by Major-General Edmund Allenby, with Colonel John Vaughan as GSO 1 and Brigadier-General B. F. Drake commanding the Royal Horse Artillery.
1st Cavalry Brigade (Brigadier-General C. J. Briggs)
2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen’s Bays)
5th (Princess Charlotte of Wales’s) Dragoon Guards
11th (Prince Albert’s Own) Hussars
2nd Cavalry Brigade (Brigadier-General H. de Lisle)
4th (Royal Irish) Dragoon Guards
9th (Queen’s Royal) Lancers
18th (Queen Mary’s Own) Hussars
3rd Cavalry Brigade (Brigadier-General H. de la P. Gough
4th (Queen’s Own) Hussars
5th (Royal Irish) Lancers
16th (The Queen’s) Lancers
4th Cavalry Brigade (Brigadier-General Hon. C. E. Bingham)
Household Cavalry Composite Regiment
6th Dragoon Guards (Carabiners)
3rd (King’s Own) Hussars
Divisional troops:
III Brigade RHA
D Battery, RHA
E Battery, RHA
VII Brigade RHA
I Battery, RHA
L Battery, RHA
1st Field Squadron, RE
Independent brigade
5th Cavalry Brigade (Brigadier-General Sir P. W. Chetwode)
2nd Dragoons (Royal Scots Greys)
12th (Prince of Wales’s Royal) Lancers
20th Hussars
J Battery, RHA
I Corps
I Corps was commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Douglas Haig. His senior staff officers were Brigadier-General J. E. Gough (Chief of Staff), Brigadier-General H. S. Horne (commanding Royal Artillery) and Brigadier-General S. R. Rice (commanding Royal Engineers).
1st Division
1st Division was commanded by Major-General S. H. Lomax, with Colonel R. Fanshawe as GSO 1. Brigadier-General N. D. Findlay commanded the Royal Artillery, and Lieutenant-Colonel A. L. Schreiber commanded the Royal Engineers.
1st (Guards) Brigade (Brigadier-General F. I. Maxse)
1st Coldstream Guards
1st Scots Guards
1st The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders)
2nd The Royal Munster Fusiliers
2nd Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General E. S. Bulfin)
2nd The Royal Sussex Regiment
1st The Loyal North Lancashire Regiment
1st The Northamptonshire Regiment
2nd The King’s Royal Rifle Corps
3rd Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General H. J. S. Landon)
1st The Queen’s (Royal West Surrey Regiment)
1st The South Wales Borderers
1st The Gloucestershire Regiment
2nd The Welch Regiment
Divisional Troops Mounted Troops
A Squadron, 15th (The King’s) Hussars
1st Cyclist Company
Artillery
XXV Brigade RFA
113th Battery, RFA
114th Battery, RFA
115th Battery, RFA
XXVI Brigade RFA
116th Battery, RFA
117th Battery, RFA
118th Battery, RFA
XXXIX Brigade RFA
46th Battery, RFA
51st Battery, RFA
54th Battery, RFA
XLIII (Howitzer) Brigade RFA
30th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
40th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
57th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
26th Heavy Battery, RGA
Engineers
23rd Field Company, RE
26th Field Company, RE
2nd Division
2nd Division was commanded by Major-General C. C. Monro, with Colonel Hon. F. Gordon as GSO 1. Brigadier-General E. M. Perceval commanded the Royal Artillery, and Lieutenant-Colonel R. H. H. Boys commanded the Royal Engineers.
4th (Guards) Brigade (Brigadier-General R. Scott-Kerr)
2nd Grenadier Guards
2nd Coldstream Guards
3rd Coldstream Guards
1st Irish Guards
5th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General R. C. B. Haking)
2nd The Worcestershire Regiment
2nd The Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
2nd The Highland Light Infantry
2nd The Connaught Rangers
6th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General R. H. Davies, New Zealand Staff Corps)
1st The King’s (Liverpool Regiment)
2nd The South Staffordshire Regiment
1st Princess Charlotte of Wales’s (Royal Berkshire Regiment)
1st The King’s Royal Rifle Corps
Divisional Troops Mounted Troops
B Squadron, 15th (The King’s) Hussars
2nd Cyclist Company
Artillery
XXXIV Brigade RFA
22nd Battery, RFA
50th Battery, RFA
70th Battery, RFA
XXXVI Brigade RFA
15th Battery, RFA
48th Battery, RFA
71st Battery, RFA
XLI Brigade RFA
9th Battery, RFA
16th Battery, RFA
17th Battery, RFA
XLIV (Howitzer) Brigade RFA
47th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
56th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
60th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
35th Heavy Battery, RGA
Engineers
5th Field Company, RE
11th Field Company, RE
II Corps
II Corps was commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir James Grierson. His senior staff officers were Brigadier-General George Forestier-Walker (Chief of Staff), Brigadier-General A. H. Short (commanding Royal Artillery) and Brigadier-General A. E. Sandbach (commanding Royal Engineers).
Lieutenant-General Grierson died on a train between Rouen and Amiens on the 17th of August; General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien took over command at Bavai, on the 21st of August at 4pm.
3rd Division
3rd Division was commanded by Major-General Hubert I. W. Hamilton, with Colonel F. R. F. Boileau as GSO 1. Brigadier-General F. D. V. Wing commanded the Royal Artillery, and Lieutenant-Colonel C. S. Wilson commanded the Royal Engineers.
7th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General F. W. N. McCracken)
3rd The Worcestershire Regiment
2nd The Prince of Wales’s Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment)
1st The Duke of Edinburgh’s (Wiltshire Regiment)
2nd The Royal Irish Rifles
8th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General B. J. C. Doran)
2nd The Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment)
2nd The Royal Irish Regiment
4th The Duke of Cambridge’s Own (Middlesex Regiment)
1st The Gordon Highlanders
9th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General F. C. Shaw)
1st The Northumberland Fusiliers
4th The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment)
1st The Lincolnshire Regiment
1st The Royal Scots Fusiliers
Divisional Troops Mounted Troops
C Squadron, 15th (The King’s) Hussars
3rd Cyclist Company
Artillery
XXIII Brigade RFA
107th Battery, RFA
108th Battery, RFA
109th Battery, RFA
XL Brigade RFA
6th Battery, RFA
23rd Battery, RFA
49th Battery, RFA
XLII Brigade RFA
29th Battery, RFA
41st Battery, RFA
45th Battery, RFA
XXX (Howitzer) Brigade RFA
128th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
129th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
130th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
48th Heavy Battery, RGA
Engineers
56th Field Company, RE
57th Field Company, RE
5th Division
5th Division was commanded by Major-General Sir C. Fergusson, with Lieutenant-Colonel C. F. Romer as GSO 1. Brigadier-General J. E. W. Headlam commanded the Royal Artillery, and Lieutenant-Colonel J. A. S. Tulloch commanded the Royal Engineers.
13th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General G. J. Cuthbert)
2nd The King’s Own Scottish Borderers
2nd The Duke of Wellington’s (West Riding Regiment)
1st The Queen’s Own (Royal West Kent Regiment)
2nd The King’s Own (Yorkshire Light Infantry)
14th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General S. P. Rolt)
2nd The Suffolk Regiment
1st The East Surrey Regiment
1st The Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry
2nd The Manchester Regiment
15th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General A. E. W. Count Gleichen)
1st The Norfolk Regiment
1st The Bedfordshire Regiment
1st The Cheshire Regiment
1st The Dorsetshire Regiment
Divisional Troops Mounted Troops
A Squadron, 19th (Queen Alexandra’s Own Royal) Hussars
5th Cyclist Company
Artillery
XV Brigade RFA
11th Battery, RFA
52nd Battery, RFA
80th Battery, RFA
XXVII Brigade RFA
119th Battery, RFA
120th Battery, RFA
121st Battery, RFA
XXVIII Brigade RFA
122nd Battery, RFA
123rd Battery, RFA
124th Battery, RFA
VIII (Howitzer) Brigade RFA
37th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
61st (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
65th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
108th Heavy Battery, RGA
Engineers
17th Field Company, RE
59th Field Company, RE
III Corps
III Corps was formed in France on the 31st of August 1914, commanded by Major-General W. P. Pulteney. His senior staff officers were Brigadier-General J. P. Du Cane (Chief of Staff), Brigadier-General E. J. Phipps-Hornby (commanding Royal Artillery) and Brigadier-General F. M. Glubb (commanding Royal Engineers).
4th Division
The 4th Division landed in France on the night of the 22nd and 23rd of August . It was commanded by Major-General T. D’O. Snow, with Colonel J. E. Edmonds as GSO 1. Brigadier-General G. F. Milne commanded the Royal Artillery, and Lieutenant-Colonel H. B. Jones commanded the Royal Engineers.
10th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General J. A. L. Haldane)
1st The Royal Warwickshire Regiment
2nd Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs, The Duke of Albany’s)
1st Princess Victoria’s (Royal Irish Fusiliers)
2nd The Royal Dublin Fusiliers
11th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General A. G. Hunter-Weston)
1st Prince Albert’s (Somerset Light Infantry)
1st The East Lancashire Regiment
1st The Hampshire Regiment
1st The Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort’s Own)
12th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General H. F. M. Wilson)
1st King’s Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment)
2nd The Lancashire Fusiliers
2nd The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers
2nd The Essex Regiment
Divisional Troops Mounted Troops
B Squadron, 19th (Queen Alexandra’s Own Royal) Hussars
4th Cyclist Company
Artillery
XIV Brigade RFA
39th Battery, RFA
68th Battery, RFA
88th Battery, RFA
XXIX Brigade RFA
125th Battery, RFA
126th Battery, RFA
127th Battery, RFA
XXXII Brigade RFA
27th Battery, RFA
134th Battery, RFA
135th Battery, RFA
XXXVII (Howitzer) Brigade RFA
31st (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
35th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
55th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
31st Heavy Battery, RGA
Engineers
7th Field Company, RE
9th Field Company, RE
6th Division
The 6th Division embarked for France on the8th and 9th of September. It was commanded by Major-General J. L. Keir, with Colonel W. T. Furse as GSO 1. Brigadier-General W. L. H. Paget commanded the Royal Artillery, and Lieutenant-Colonel G. C. Kemp commanded the Royal Engineers.
16th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General E. C. Ingouville-Williams)
1st The Buffs (East Kent Regiment)
1st The Leicestershire Regiment
1st The King’s (Shropshire Light Infantry)
2nd The York and Lancaster Regiment
17th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General W. R. B. Doran)
1st The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment)
1st The Prince of Wales’s (North Staffordshire Regiment)
2nd The Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians)
3rd The Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort’s Own)
18th Infantry Brigade (Brigadier-General W. N. Congreve)
1st The Prince of Wales’s Own (West Yorkshire Regiment)
1st The East Yorkshire Regiment
2nd The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment)
2nd The Durham Light Infantry
Divisional Troops Mounted Troops
C Squadron, 19th (Queen Alexandra’s Own Royal) Hussars
6th Cyclist Company
Artillery
II Brigade RFA
21st Battery, RFA
42nd Battery, RFA
53rd Battery, RFA
XXIV Brigade RFA
10th Battery, RFA
111th Battery, RFA
112th Battery, RFA
XXXVIII Brigade RFA
24th Battery, RFA
34th Battery, RFA
72nd Battery, RFA
XII (Howitzer) Brigade RFA
43rd (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
86th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
87th (Howitzer) Battery, RFA
24th Heavy Battery, RGA
Engineers
12th Field Company, RE
38th Field Company, RE
Army troops Mounted troops:
Composite Regiment drawn from the North Irish Horse (A and C Squadrons) and South Irish Horse (B Squadron).
Siege Artillery:
(Royal Garrison Artillery units)
No. 1 Siege Battery
No. 2 Siege Battery
No. 3 Siege Battery
No. 4 Siege Battery
No. 5 Siege Battery
No. 6 Siege Battery
Infantry:
1st The Queen’s Own Cameron Highlanders
Royal Flying Corps
The Royal Flying Corps units in France were commanded by Brigadier-General Sir David Henderson, with Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Sykes as his Chief of Staff.
2nd Aeroplane Squadron, Major C J Burke
3rd Aeroplane Squadron, Major J M Salmond
4th Aeroplane Squadron, Major G H Raleigh
5th Aeroplane Squadron, Major J F A Higgins
6th Aeroplane Squadron Major J H W Becke
1st Aircraft Park, Major A D Carden
Lines of communication defence troops
1st The Devonshire Regiment
2nd The Royal Welch Fusiliers
1st The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)
1st The Duke of Cambridge’s Own (Middlesex Regiment)
2nd Princess Louise’s (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders)
Unit strengths
A cavalry regiment contained three squadrons and was provided with two machine-guns. An infantry battalion contained four companies and two machine-guns.
A Royal Horse Artillery battery contained six 13-pounder guns, whilst a Royal Field Artillery battery contained six 18-pounder guns, or six 4.5-inch howitzers. A heavy battery of the Royal Garrison Artillery contained four 60 pounder guns. Each battery had two ammunition wagons per gun, and each artillery brigade contained its own ammunition column.
Each division received an anti-aircraft detachment of 1-pounder pom-pom guns in September, attached to the divisional artillery.
The Cavalry Division had a total of 12 cavalry regiments in four brigades, and each infantry division had 12 battalions in three brigades. The strength of the Cavalry Division (not counting 5th Cavalry Brigade) came to 9,269 all ranks, with 9,815 horses, 24 13-pounder guns and 24 machine-guns. The strength of each infantry division came to 18,073 all ranks, with 5,592 horses, 76 guns and 24 machine-guns.
Units not employed in the Expeditionary Force
In broad numeric terms, the British Expeditionary Force represented half the combat strength of the British Army; as an imperial power, a sizeable portion of the army had to be kept aside for overseas garrisons. Home defence was expected to be provided by the volunteers of the Territorial Force and by the reserves.
The total strength of the Regular Army in July was 125,000 men in the British Isles, with 75,000 in India and Burma and a further 33,000 in other overseas postings. The Army Reserve came to 145,000 men, with 64,000 in the Militia (or Special Reserve) and 272,000 in the Territorial Force.
Home service
The peacetime regular establishment in the British Isles was eighty-one battalions of infantry — in theory, one battalion of each line regiment was deployed on home service and one on overseas service at any given point, rotating the battalions every few years — and nineteen regiments of cavalry.
Aside from those earmarked for the Expeditionary Force, there were three battalions of Guards and eight of line infantry (including those in the Channel Islands) – roughly a division’s worth. In the event, six battalions of these regulars were deployed to the Continent along with the Expeditionary Force, to act as army troops. The Border Regiment and Alexandra, Princess of Wales’s Own (Yorkshire Regiment) had the unusual distinction of being the only two regular infantry regiments not to contribute troops to the Expeditionary Force; both would first see action with 7th Division, which landed in October.
Given the rioting that had occurred during the national strikes 1911–12, there was concern that there would be unrest in London at the outbreak of war. Consequently, three cavalry regiments — the 1st Life Guards, 2nd Life Guards, and Royal Horse Guards – were stationed in the London District and not earmarked for the Expeditionary Force; these each provided a squadron for a composite regiment, which served with the 4th Cavalry Brigade. In addition, there were three Royal Field Artillery brigades, and a number of Royal Horse Artillery batteries, not earmarked for overseas service.
After the Expeditionary Force had departed, this left a total regular establishment of three cavalry regiments (somewhat depleted) and five infantry battalions[11] – less than a tenth of the normal combat strength of the home forces, and mostly deployed around London. This defensive force would be supplemented by the units of the Territorial Force, which were called up on the outbreak of war — indeed, many were already embodied for their summer training when mobilisation was ordered — and by the Special Reserve.
The Territorial Force was planned with a mobilisation strength of fourteen divisions, each structured along the lines of a regular division with twelve infantry battalions, four artillery brigades, two engineer companies, &c. – and fourteen brigades of Yeomanry cavalry. It was envisaged that these units would be used solely for home defence, though in the event almost all volunteered for overseas service; the first battalions arrived on the Continent in November.
Overseas service
Forty-eight battalions of infantry were serving in India – the equivalent of four regular divisions — with five in Malta, four in South Africa, four in Egypt, and a dozen in various other Imperial outposts. A further nine regular cavalry regiments were serving in India, with two in South Africa and one in Egypt.
The forces in the rest of the British Empire were not expected to contribute to the Expeditionary Force. A sizeable proportion of these were part of the ten-division Army of India, a mixture of local forces and British regulars; planning had begun in August 1913 to arrange how the Indian forces could be used in a European war, and a tentative plan had been made for two infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade to be added to the Expeditionary Force; these were despatched, in the event, but did not arrive in France until October.
In the event, most of the overseas garrison units were withdrawn as soon as they could be replaced with Territorial battalions, and new regular divisions were formed piecemeal in the United Kingdom. None of these units arrived in time to see service with the Expeditionary Force.
453 families remember 453 British Servicemen and women who where killed in Afghanistan. The camp Bastion memorial stands at the National Memorial Arboretum Staffordshire.
The memorial features a map of Afghanistan with the locations where UK forces served during the 13 year campaign and there is a cross which is made of shell cases from the original memorial in Camp Bastion.
46 MILES A Journey of Repatriation and Humbling Respect Jarra Brown The Book When Jarra Brown hears church bells he cannot fail to be reminded of the hundreds – 345 to be precise – of service personnel who passed through the beautiful rural Wiltshire countryside into Oxfordshire. These men and women were not hiking across its green pastures or sitting on top of the number 55 bus, instead they were lifeless, resting inside a coffin draped with the Union flag. By the end of August 2011 the bells of St Bartholomew’s Church in Wootton Bassett had tolled more times than the residents of this once peaceful town cared to think about, for each chime represented the moment the police convoy accompanying the hearse from RAF Lyneham entered the High Street.
A moment frozen in time, a moment when the residents of this town came to show their respects, a moment that couldn’t have been more fitting even if it had been choreographed. There was no call to arms by the Town Crier, just a spontaneous, modest and unprompted response to those who had paid the ultimate price in the name of duty. 46 Miles is not a book about the politics of war, the whys and wherefores of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts, or indeed the hidden agendas and government strategies.
It is about a town which captured the hearts of our nation and whose emotions rippled the entire 46 mile journey of honour, dignity and respect into Oxford. It is dedicated to those 345 people who, having signed up to serve their Queen and country, paid with their lives. Wootton Bassett, who nurtured the grieving on every occasion, wanted to let the nation know that these heroes will never be forgotten. About the Author A former army commando soldier, Jarra joined the police in 1990, serving 22 years and retired in March 2012. He was the instrumental link between the police and the military over the repatriations through Wooton Bassett and was awarded the MBE in 2011 New Year’s Honours List. Jarra is available for signing and interviews.
KEY INFORMATION Pub date: 26 June 2015 ISBN PB: 978-1-908336-82-8 Format: 240x164mm Extent: 326pp Price: £14.99 PB Publisher: Tommies Guides Imprint: Menin House
BIC Classications: BGH – Biography historical, political & military… JWL – War and Defence Operations
ArticlesComments Off on The Bisley Shooting Competition
Jun082015
Bisley
Bisley is the army shooting competition
The Royal Green Jackets and their antecedent regiments
have all competed in this competition
The battalions top marksmen would have been chosen to represent the regiment
The Army Operational Shooting Competition (AOSC), is the British Army’s premier shooting competition. Part of the Central Skill at Arms Meeting (CENTSAAM), it is based at the headquarters of the National Rifle Association (NRA) at Bisley Camp, in Brookwood, Surrey. It also uses Ministry of Defence (MOD) ranges in the vicinity, such as Ash and Pirbright.
History
Competition shooting in the British Army started in 1874 with ‘non-central’ matches on unit ranges. The ‘Army VIII’ was formed in the same year, its purpose was to select a team for Inter-Service matches organized by the National Rifle Association (NRA).
The Army Rifle Association (ARA) which was founded in 1893, became the governing body of service shooting. It was formed to encourage interest in service shooting to “promote interest in small arms shooting for service purposes by means of collective competitions, matches being framed to induce practice in methods which le[a]d to increased efficiency on the battlefield”. By the 1970s, all three services had established their own competitions and associations, the army’s going under the name of ‘Regular Army Skill at Arms Meeting’ or RASAM, (also known as ‘RASAAM’). As part of constant up-dating, the event’s name was changed to the ‘Army Operational Shooting Competition’ in 2009.
Figure targets were first used in 1908. The electric target range (ETR) came on stream in 1967. A moving target match was introduced in 1974 with two infantry night shooting matches being competed-for initially in 1982. Firing in respirators and a ‘march and shoot’ competition was introduced in 1986. Casualty recovery and the carrying of 15 kilogrammes of personal equipment was brought in 2009.
Pamphlet No 20
The ‘bible’ of competition shooting is more formally known as: Infantry Training, Volume IV, Ranges, Pamphlet No. 20, Competition Shooting or ‘Pamphlet 20’ for short. It includes sections concerning the rules on ammunition, composition of teams, dress and equipment, targets and scoring, penalties, firing positions, timing and many others.
Pamphlet No 20 also gives details of rifle, light support weapon (LSW) and pistol matches, in addition it includes a guide for a Unit Meeting.
Prize categories
Prizes are awarded to teams and individuals. The most prestigious individual prize is the Queen’s Medal.
Competitors
About 1,000 competitors from all Britain’s armed forces, including the Territorial Army (TA) and Army cadets, take part in CENTSAAM. International military personnel also compete.
Lt. Les Airey being chaired off the ranges by his team-mates after winning The Queen’s Medal
South East District/Bisley Team with Trophies.
3 RGJ Shooting Team (Circa 1980`s)
Spoils of Bisley (Circa 1970`s)
J R ‘ Company’s winning team at the District Rifle Meeting
Winning shooting sec Bisley 4 RGJ hsf
A sniper is a marksman or qualified specialist who operates alone, in a pair, or with a sniper team to maintain close visual contact with the enemy and engage targets from concealed positions or distances exceeding the detection capabilities of enemy personnel. These sniper teams operate independently, with little combat asset support from their parent units.
Snipers typically have highly selective or specialized training and use crew-served high-precision-special application rifles and optics, and often have sophisticated communication assets to feed valuable combat information back to their units or military bases.
In addition to marksmanship and long range shooting, military snipers are trained in camouflage, field craft, infiltration, special reconnaissance and observation, surveillance and target acquisition.
More RGJ Bisley shooting team Pictures on this google link
The King’s German Legion (KGL) was a British Army unit of expatriate German personnel, 1803–1816. The Legion achieved the distinction of being the only German force to fight without interruption against the French during the Napoleonic Wars.
The Legion was formed within months of the dissolution of the Electorate of Hanover in 1803, and constituted as a mixed corps by the end of 1803. Although The Legion never fought autonomously and remained a part of the British Army during the Napoleonic Wars (1804–15), it played a vital role in several campaigns, most notably the Walcheren Campaign, the Peninsular War, and the Hundred Days (1815).
The Legion was disbanded in 1816. Several of the units were incorporated into the army of the Kingdom of Hanover, and became later a part of the Imperial German Army after unification in 1871.
The British German Legion, recruited for the Crimean War, is sometimes erroneously referred to as the “King’s German Legion”.
History
After the occupation of Hanover by Napoleonic troops the Convention of Artlenburg, also called the Convention of the Elbe, was signed on the 5th of July 1803 and formally dissolved the Electorate of Hanover. Consequently, the Elector’s army was disbanded. Many former Hanoverian officers and soldiers fled the French occupation of Hanover to Britain; George III, the deposed Elector of Hanover, was also King of the United Kingdom. The same year, Major Colin Halkett and Colonel Johann Friedrich von der Decken were issued warrants to raise a corps of light infantry, to be named “The King’s German Regiment”. On the 19th of December 1803, Halkett’s and von der Decken’s levies were combined as a basis of a mixed corps (includes all arms: mounted, infantry, artillery) renamed the King’s German Legion.
The KGL infantry were quartered in Bexhill-on-Sea and the cavalry in Weymouth, Dorset. Some units were involved in a street fight in Tullamore, Ireland with a British Light infantry unit in the so-called Battle of Tullamore. The number of Officers and Other Ranks grew over time to approximately 14,000, but during the 13 years of its existence, close to 28,000 men served in the Legion at one time or another. It saw active service as an integral part of the British Army from 1805–1816, when its units were disbanded.
Organisation
Cavalry
1st Regiment of Dragoons (1804–1812, red jacket)
changed into: 1st Regiment of Light Dragoons (1812–1816, blue jacket)
2nd Regiment of Dragoons (1805–1812, red jacket)
changed into: 2nd Regiment of Light Dragoons (1812–1816, blue jacket)
1st Regiment of Hussars
2nd Regiment of Hussars
3rd Regiment of Hussars
Infantry
1st Light Infantry Battalion
2nd Light Infantry Battalion
1st Line Battalion
2nd Line Battalion
3rd Line Battalion
4th Line Battalion
5th Line Battalion
6th Line Battalion
7th Line Battalion
8th Line Battalion
Artillery and engineers
King’s German Artillery
2 horse batteries
4 foot batteries
King’s German Engineers
Campaigns
Although the Legion never fought autonomously, its units participated in campaigns in Hanover, Pomerania, Copenhagen and Walcheren, the Peninsular under General Sir John Moore; and the retreat to Corunna; the Peninsular Campaign under the Duke of Wellington, including the battles of Bussaco, Barrosa, Fuentes de Onoro, Albuera, Ciudad Rodrigo, Salamanca, Garcia Hernandez, Burgos, Venta del Pozo, Vittoria, San Sebastian, Nivelle, Sicily and the eastern parts of Spain, Northern Germany and Göhrde.
In the Peninsular Campaign, the Germans enhanced the veteran core of the British army. At Sabugal, in April 1811, several hundred German hussars augmented the Light Division, and the Hussars found the proper ford of the Coa River. At the Battle of Garcia Hernandez, the Dragoons performed the unusual feat of smashing two French square formations in a matter of minutes.
At the Battle of Waterloo, the 2nd Light Battalion — with members of the 1st Light Battalion and the 5th Line Battalion — famously defended the farmhouse and road at “La Haye Sainte.” As the 5th Line Battalion under Oberst Ompteda was on its way to reinforce the defenders of Haye Sainte, the French cavalry attached to Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d’Erlon’s Corp I rode them down; only a few of the intended relievers survived. After a six-hour defence, without ammunition, or reinforcements, the Germans were forced to abandon the farm, leaving the buildings in shambles and their dead behind.
Legacy
The Legion was known for its excellent discipline and fighting ability. The cavalry was reputed to be among the best in the British army. According to the historian Alessandro Barbero, the King’s German Legion “had such a high degree of professionalism that it was considered equal in every way to the best British units.” After the victory at Waterloo, the Electorate of Hanover was re-founded as the Kingdom of Hanover. However, the army of Hanover had been reconstituted even before the final battle, so that there were two Hanoverian armies in existence. In 1816 the Legion was dissolved and some officers and men were integrated into the new Hanoverian army.
Battle honours
Peninsular War
Waterloo
Battle of Venta del Pozo (1st and 2nd Light Infantry Battalion)
Garcia Hernandez (near Salamanca) (1st Regiment of Dragoons )
El Bodon (1st Regiment of Hussars)
Barossa, near Cádiz, Spain (2nd Regiment of Hussars)
Göhrde (3rd Regiment of Hussars)
Memorials
Plaques on the outside wall of ‘La Haye Sainte’
Monument opposite ‘La Haye Sainte’ commemorating the dead of the KGL
Hanover – the Waterloo-column
Hanover – near the Waterloo Square in front of the archives stands a statue of Carl von Alten
Hanover – also near the archives is a plaques commemorating Major Georg Baring
Hanover – the Legion’s-bridge crossing the river Ihme, was originally named Waterloo-Bridge and is now renamed for the King’s German Legion
Osnabrück – The Heger Tor, formerly called the Waterloo Tor, or the Waterloo Gate, commemorating the officers and soldiers of the KGL
Commemorative stone at Wittingen, Lower Saxony. Inscription: Des Königs Deutsche Legion 1803–1815 – Peninsula, Waterloo, Göhrde
On the Gehrdener mountain is a stone commemorating Carl Ludewig von Holle, fallen in Waterloo
On the monument for the Battle of Vittoria is a plaque for the KGL
German army
After the unification of Germany, some of the old KGL units that had served in the Hanoverian Army were perpetuated in the Imperial German Army, which eventually led to their serving in the Reichswehr and the Wehrmacht. These were:
Kavallerie-Regiment 13–1st Regiment of Light Dragoons
Kavallerie-Regiment 13–2nd Regiment of Light Dragoons
Kavallerie-Regiment 14–1st Regiment of Hussars
Infanterie-Regiment 16–1st Line Battalion
Infanterie-Regiment 17–1st Light Battalion
Sourced by Wikipedia
Except taken from the link below
The fifth and sixth regiments of infantry were formed into the third line brigade under colonel von Drieberg, and marched to Winchester, where they were joined in May by the seventh and eighth battalions, now formed into the fourth line brigade under major general von Drechsel.